Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res.9(3&4):229-240, 2003

ETHNOBOTANIC STUDY OF THE WEEDS OF FIVE CROPS IN  DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD, N-W PAKISTAN

Muhammad Ibrar¹, Saima Hashim² and Khan Bahadar Marwat

Abstract

Out of the 36 weeds reported in this survey from District Abbottabad, 35 weeds have local and reported medicinal and some other uses. Only one plant (Poa annua) has no any indigenous or reported use.  Most of these weeds are locally used for common diseases like cough, fever, diarrhoea, pain, worms and skin diseases. Some of these weeds are locally used as pot herbs and some are used as fuel, while a good number is a source of fodder for cattle.

Key words: Weeds, Ethnobotany, Medicinal use, Abbottabad

Introduction

Natural selection resulted in plants that were adapted to unstable or disturbed areas in a wide array of environments. As a consequence native plants evolved through several stages of succession, spread over thousands of years to fill the ecological niches. When man first started to deliberately grow plants for food, the concept of weeds as unwanted plants reducing crop yield through competition was born. Native or indigenous plants are responsible for the basic biological matrix of all communities and their growth form determines the community structure (Kerb, 1994). Weed infestation took on new vigour as technological advances prevailed including urbanization, extensive trade, migration, reclamation and settlement of new lands growing of new useful plants and development of livestock industry. Such weeds were either brought by different invaders inadvertently or through seed import. More over some ecological disturbances like disease, fire, and clearing of land etc made changes at micro and macro level, opened up niches for new alien and invasive weeds. Marwat (1984) has reported a total of 284 weeds from N.W.F.P.

Inspite of the negative impact on crops through competition and allelopathy, most of the weeds also have positive uses, ranges from food, fodder, medicinal, fuel and pest control. When trying to evaluate the costs and benefits of a strategy for weed management, we usually look at parameters such as crop yields, labor requirements, costs of purchasing herbicides and many more. There is one blind spot in nearly all such studies: the yield of weeds, the potential for positive use of weeds. A substantial portion of the food for people, animals and soil can come from weeds. Solonum nigrum is often a plant growing wild in and around fields and it is used as cooked vegetable, as a green fodder for cattle as well as a valuable medicine for intestinal, urinary, eye and skin diseases. It is also a rich source of vitamin C and is best for growing children (Chopra, 1958; Sathyavathi, 1994). A large number of weeds e.g. Amaranthus viridis, Alternanthera pungens, Oxalis corniculata, O. acetosella, Portulaca oleracea etc. are used as cooked green. Similarly more than 50% of total fodder for livestock comes from weeds on the farms (Paulavon, 2003). Nearly all the grass species and many dicotyledonous are grazed by cattle. Many weeds on the field border prevent erosion and can also be used as compost, mulch and green manure. Some of the weeds are nitrogen fixing and increase the soil fertility. There are many examples in weed-crop ecology where the complementary use of resources allows the combination of weed and crop to out-yield the crop alone by far (Aldrich, 1984).

The most important positive aspect of the weds is that nearly all of them are known to possess therapeutic properties and are used by the native people for cure of a variety of human and cattle diseases.

The present study, though mainly undertaken to make an inventory of the important weeds of the research area and their impact on different crops, has also provided an opportunity to explore the ethnomedicinal aspect of these weeds in light of the local knowledge and the published literature.

Ethnobotanical research helps in listing the traditional uses of plants of an area. It addresses the characterizing traditional knowledge to establish priorities with local communities to ensure that the local values are translated in to rational use of resources as well as effective conservation of biodiversity. The plants of an area are one of the important sources for the socioeconomic uplift of the people.

Many ethnobotanic studies in India, Nepal and Pakistan have been carried out, which include Gupta et al., (1995), Singh et al., (1997), Vedavathy & Mrudula (!997), Siwakoti & Siwakoti (!998), Khan (1999), Mustafa et al., (2000), Ghimireet et al., (1999), Hussain et al., ( 1996), Aziz & Humayun (2003) and Gilani & Khan (2003).   

Materials and Methods

Ethnobotanical approach, using indigenous knowledge of local communities was employed. A survey method was used to determine, in addition to various parameters of weeds, the ethnopharmacognostic aspect of these weeds. The questionnaire was presented in hilly areas, viz., Nathiagali, Goragali, Baragali, Mochi Dara, Pasala and Tandiani. None of the farmers in these areas responded to weeds issue, therefore, the questionnaire was presented in plains including agricultural lands. The response was explicit. Survey of weeds of five crops, wheat, maize, potato, onion/garlic and orchards  was conducted using a sample of 200 farmers from 16 villages, 6 near Abbottabad, 3 around Haripur, 2 near Havelian, 3 on the way from Haripur to Khanpur dam and 2 near Ghazi/Tarbela during August 2001 to March 2002.

Results and Discussion

A total of 36 plants were recorded as problem weeds and out of that 16 were reported as invasive. The weeds along with the crops in which these occur are given in table 1. Almost all of these weeds possess alleged medicinal value. An account of the medicinal and other uses of these weeds, based on literature survey and information gathered from the local people is presented below.

Botanic name:                           Amaranthus hybridus L.

Syn:                                         Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd.

Family:                                     Amaranthaceae

Ver. names:                              Karund (Urd.), Mariro (Sind.), Chalwaiy (Push.),

                                    Trailing Amaranth (Eng.).

Locality:                                    Maize field and vegetables                                       

Part Used:                                 Leaves.

Uses:                                        Leaves used as vegetable. The leaves are emollient.

                                                Used as anti-dote for snake and scorpian bite

                                                (Shinwari et al., 2003; Chopra, 1958).

Botanic name:                           Ipomoea iriocarpa R.Br.

Syn:                                         Convolvulus hispidus Vahl.

Convolvulus hispida (Vahl.) Roem & Schult

Family:                                     Convolvulaceae

Ver. names:                              Unknown

Locality:                                    Maize field                            

Part Used:                                 Whole plan

Uses:                                         Fodder

Botanic name:                           Commelina benghalensis L.

Family:                                     Commelinaceae

Ver. names:                              Kana keerai (Malaya’s), Benghal day flower (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Maize field                           

Part Used:                                 Tender leaves

Uses:                                        Tender leaves used as vegetable, Used in liver Complaints, useful in snake and scorpian bite by Irulas  and Malayalis   tribes (Internet).

Botanic name:                           Xanthium strumarium L.

Family:                                     Asteraceae

Ver. names:                              Sungtu, Godal (Punj.), Baggiari (Push.), Gokhur kalan 

                                                (Sind.)  Ditch-bur (Eng.).

Locality:                                    Maize field, dry rice field, waste land                            

Part U:                                      Fruits    

Uses:                                       Cooling, efficacious in small pox, useful in urinary diseases (Memon et al., 1988). Also useful as anti Inflammatory, antiallergic, and anti goiter due to 220-230 ug Iodin/g of fruit (WHO-Vietnam, 1990).

Botanic name:                           Galium aparine L.

Family:                                     Rubiaceae

Ver. names:                              Indian blanket, grip grass, bed straw (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Wheat field

Part Used:                                 Whole plant except root

Uses:                                        Diuretic, tonic, alterative, aparient, also used in skin

                                                diseases and general eruptions (Grieve, 1974).

Botanic name:                           Tagetes minuta L.

Family:                                     Asteraceae

Ver. names                               Gul Sadburg, Ganda (Urd), English/French marigold

                                                (Eng.) Zangaley Hamasha (Push.)

Locality:                                    Maize field, Waste- land.

Part Used:                                 All parts

Uses:                                       Whole plant is used for cough. Roots, seeds and flower heads are purgative, anthelmitic. Juice of flower contains iodine and used on cuts and wounds. It is insect and flea repellent (Memon et al., 1988).

Botanic name:                           Avena fatua L.

Family:                                     Poaceae

Ver. names:                              Jamdar (Push.), Javi (Urd.), Oats (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Wheat field.

Part Used:                                 Whole plant

Uses:                                        Fodder for cattle

Botanic name:                           Carthamus oxycantha M.B.

Family:                                     Asteraceae

Ver. names:                              Azghakay (Push.), wild sunflower, wooly distaff thistle (Eng.)                 

Locality:                                    Wheat field, Orchards

Part Used:                                 Flowers, seeds

Uses:                                        Flowers laxative, diaphoretic, useful in fevers, measles, eruptive skin diseases, Seeds eaten by children (Grieve, 1974).

Botanic name:                            Silybum marianum Gaertn.

Family:                                      Asteraceae

Ver. names:                               Mrrian thistle (Eng.),

Locality:                                    Wheat field, Orchards

Part Used:                                 Whole herb root, leaves, seeds and hull

Uses:                                       Seeds are lactagogue, used in jaundice. Root is useful against all melancholy diseases (Grieve, 1974). Young plants used as green fodder.

Botanic name:                           Achyranthus aspera Linn.

Family:                                     Amaranthaceae                                          

Ver. Names:                              Puthkanda (Urd.), Gishkay, Spaoboty (Push.), Prickly  caff-flower (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Maize field, waste- land

Part Used:                                 Whole herb, leaves, seeds and root

Uses:                                        Whole plant and especially the roots is anti-                                        inflammatory and uterine stimulant. Root extract is also used to expel stone from urinary tract, in post-partum haematometra and dysmenorrhoea. The seeds are emetic (WHO-Vietnam, 1990; Shinwari et al., 2003).

Botanic name:                           Echinochloa colonum L.

Syn:                                         E. crus-galli (L.)P.Beauv. Agrost., nicum colonum  L. Panicum crusgalli L.

Family:                                     Poaceae

Ver. names:                              Barnyard-grass

Locality:                                    Maize field

Part used                                  Leaves. Seeds

Uses:                                        Fodder, birds eat its seeds. Grains cooked in W.Rajistan

Botanic name:                           Tulipa stellata Hk.f.

Syn:                                         Tulipa clusiana

Family:                                     Liliaceae

Ver. names:                              Ghantol (Push.), Tulip (Eng.)                            

Locality:                                    Wheat field

Part used:                                 Flowers

Uses:                                        Ornamental

Botanic name:                           Fumaria indica (Hausskn) H.N. Pugsley in J.L.S.

Syn:                                         Fumaria officinalis Linn., Fumaria parviflora W.& A.

Family:                                     Fumariaceae

Ver. names:                              Papra (Push.), Shahtra (Urd.), Fumikory (Eng.)                            

Locality:                                    Wheat field

Part used:                                 Whole plant

Uses:                                        Blood purifier, antipyretic, pot- herb, cattle food

                                                (Chopra, 1958).

Botanic name:                           Cyperus rotundus L.

Syn:                                         Cyperus difformis L. Amoen.

Family:                                     Cyperaceae

Ver. names:                              Nagar- mutha (Urd.), Nut or sedge grass (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Maize, Vegetables

Part Used:                                 Whole plant, root

Uses:                                       Antidysenteric (Chopra, 1958), anthelmintic, emenagague, appetizer, treatment of thirst, fever, ulcers, sores, vomitting, eye infammation, itching (Memon et al., 1988). Dry powdered root aromatic and used by women for perfuming their hairs (Grieve, 1974).  Stem tubers edible, children like it.

Botanic name:                           Trianthema portulacastrum L.

Syn:                                         Trianthema obcordata Roxb., Trianthema monogyna L.

Family:                                     Aizoaceae

Ver. names:                              Narma (Urd.), Bishkapra (Pun.), carpet weed (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Maize and vegetable fields

Part Used:                                 Whole plant

Uses:                                       Analgesic, purgative, stomachic, used for the treatment of anaemia, bronchitis, piles, imflammation, liver troubles, asthma, itch, chronic ulcer, night-blindness, diseases of blood and skin (Memon et al., 1988).

Botanic name:                           Poa annua L.

Family:                                     Poaceae

Ver. names:                              Blue grass, annual meadow grass (Eng.)                             

Locality:                                    Wheat and vegetable fields

Part used:                                 Shoot and leaves       

Uses:                                        Grazed by cattle

Botanic name:                           Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.

Syn:                                         Lepidium didymium L., Senebiera didyma (L.) Pers., Senebiera pinnatifida DC.

Family:                                     Brassicaceae

Ver. names:                              Water-cress, lesser swine-cress (Eng.)                            

Locality:                                    Wheat and vegetable fields

Part used:                                 Not known        

Uses:                                        Insect repellent. Brings bad odour in cattle's milk

Botanic name:                           Chenopodium murale L.

Family:                                     Chenopodiaceae

Ver. names:                              Bathu (Urd.,Pun.), Sarmay, Binakai (Push.), Goose foot (Eng.)

 Locality:                                   Wheat and vegetable fields, waste land

Part used:                                 Leaves, seeds       

Uses:                                        Seeds are used in villages for washing hair and Clothes, diuretic, aphrodisiac, Anthelmintic, used for abdominal pain, treatment of piles, sore eye, used as pot herb and fodder (Memon  et al.,1988).

Botanic name:                           Ranunculus muricatus L.

Family:                                     Ranunculaceae

Ver. names:                              Chambel (Urd.), Jaghagha (Push.), Buttercup (Eng.)                            

Locality:                                    Wheat field

Part used:                                 Whole plant

Uses:                                        Slightly poisonous. A decoction of the plant is used forasthma, periodic fever and as a purgative for goats (Shinwari et al., 2003).

Botanic name:                           Euphorbia helioscopia L.

Family:                                     Euphorbiaceae

Ver. names:                              Mandaroo (Push.), Ganda boti (Pun.), Sun spurge, Cat's milk (Eng.)                             

Locality:                                    Wheat and vegetable fields

Part used:                                 Shoot, leaf, root, latex       

Uses:                                       Cathartic, anthelmintic. Latex applied to eruptions. Latex poisonous, causing swelling, ulceration,  irritation. Used as fish poison. Considered useful in chronic and prolonged fevers (Chopra, 1958; Shinwari et al., 2003).

Botanic name:                           Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

Syn:                                         Holcus halepensis L.

Family:                                     Poaceae

Ver. names:                              Jangli jawar (Urd.), Gua (Sin.), Johonsongrass (Eng.)    

Locality:                                    Maize field, orchards

Part used:                                 Grain        

Uses:                                       Feeding cattle, horse and poultry. Diuretic and demulcent if taken as a decoction. Leaves poisonous to cattle due to presence of hydrocyanic acid (Grieve, 1974).

Botanic name:                           Cannabis sativa Linn.

Syn:                                         Cannabis indica Lamk.

Family:                                     Cannabaceae

Ver. names:                               Bhang (Urd., Push.), Indian hemp, Marihuana, Pot (Eng.)                            

Locality:                                    Wasteland, roadside

Part used:                                 Flowering tops of pistillate plants (Charas), seeds.

Uses:                                       Sedative, hypnotic, narcotic, alleviates the feeling of fatigue. Mostly used for euphoric purposes, encourages sleep & sooths restlessness. Extract of fresh leaves, mixed with milk and almond kernels is called "Tandai", which is a cold drink, producing pleasure and excitement. The seeds are used as feed for hen, pigeon and birds (Chopra, 1958; Shinwari  et al., 2003).

Botanic name:                           Datura alba Nees.

Syn:                                         Datura fastuosa L.

Family:                                     Solanaceae

Ver. names:                              Dhatura, Mangaz (Push.), Dhtura (Urd.), Thorn apple (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Waste land

Part used                                  Leaves, seeds, root

Uses:                                        Poisonous, but also a very useful medicinal plant. Leaves are smoked to relive asthma, applied externally on swollen limbs. Extract of leaf is helpful in toothache, headache, epilepsy, parkensonism, haemorrhoids, boils and sores. Juice of flower if used for ear-ache. The fruit juice is applied for curing dandruff and falling hairs (Chopra, 1958; Shinwari  et al., 2003).

Botanic name:                           Convolvulus arvensis L.

Family:                                     Convolvulaceae

Ver. names:                               Hiran Khari (Urd.), Prawatai (Push.), Field bind weed  (Eng.)                            

Locality:                                    Maize, Wheat fields and Orchards

Part used:                                 Vegetative parts

Uses:                                        Used as poultice for painful joints, skin disorders. Used as fodder (Chopra, 1958; Shinwari  et al., 2003).

Botanic name:                           Alternanthera pungens  Kunth in H.B.K.

Family:                                     Amaranthaceae

Ver. names:                              Unknown

Locality:                                    Vegetables

Part Used:                                 Leaves, Fruits

Uses:                                        Cooked as vegetable, decoction of the fruits relieves itching.

Botanic name:                           Malvastrum coromendelianum (L.) Garcke

Syn:                                         Malva coromendelianum L., Malvastrum  tricuspidatum (Ait.) A. Gray.

Family:                                     Malvaceae

Ver. names:                              Not known                            

Locality:                                    Waste land

Part used:                                 Leaves and flowers        

Uses:                                       Diaphoretic, emollient, cooling. Leaves also used in inflamed sores. Flowers used in cough, chest and lung diseases. Decoction of the leaf is given in dysentery. Smelling of the root helps preventing vomiting.

Botanic name:                           Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Tabl.

Family:                                     Moraceae

Ver. names:                              Shand toot, Gul toot (Push.)

Locality:                                    Waste land, road side

Part Used:                                 Wood

Uses:                                        Wood used for fuel. A notorious allergen.                                           

Botanic name:                           Robinia pseudo-acacia L.

Family:                                     Papilionaceae

Ver. names:                              Locust tree, False acacia (Eng.), Kikar (Push.)

 Locality:                                   Roadside

Part Used:                                 Wood, flowers and leaves

Uses:                                       Wood used for fuel also for fencing, leaves fodder for  goats. A honeybee visiting species. (Shinwari et al., 2003 ).

Botanic name:                           Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle.

Syn:                                         Toxicodendron altissimum Miller.

Family:                                     Simarubaceae

Ver. names:                              Angrazai bektanra (Push.), Tree of heaven (Eng.)

Locality:                                                  Road side

Part Used:                                 Wood, bark and leaves

Uses:                                       Leaves fodder for cattle, Wood used for construction and low quality furniture, also for making honey bee boxes and water mill pulley and for fuel. Bark is anthalmintic. Bark juice mixed with milk is used for dysentery and diarrhea (Shinwari et al., 2003 ).

Botanic name:                           Sisymbrium  irio L.

Family:                                     Brassicaceae

Ver. names:                              Jangli sarsoon (Sin.), Khub Kalan ,Khakshir (Urd., Per.), Maktrusa, Naktrusa (Pun.), London rocket (Eng.).

Locality:                                    Waste land

Part Used:                                 Leaves, Seeds

Uses:                                        Leaf infusion given in throat and chest affections. Seeds expectorant, stimulant, used in asthma, febrifuge. Externally the seeds are used as a stimulating poultice  (Zaman & Khan, 1970).

Botanic name:                           Pistia  stratiotes L.

Family:                                     Araceae

Ver. names:                              Jal kumbi (Pun.), Water cabbage (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Rice field

Part Used:                                 Whole plant

Uses:                                        Anti-septic, anti-dysenteric, anti-tubercular (Chopra, 1958).

Botanic name:                           Phragmites  australis L.

Family:                                     Poaceae

Ver. names:                              Nul (Urd.), Common Ditch Reed (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Rice field

Part Used:                                 Culm, Twigs, Whole plant.

Uses:                                       Young twigs used as fodder, culm is used as pipes for tobacco smoking (Chelum), also for writing. Whole plant prevent erosion (Recently planted along side  Abbottabad-Nathiagali road to prevent erosion and sliding).

Botanic name:                           Imperata  cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv.

Family:                                     Poaceae

Ver. names:                              Wakha (Push.), Binding grass (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Orchards

Part Used:                                 Shoot, dry rhizome

Uses:                                       Shoot used as a fodder and forage. Dry rhizome used as diuretic, febrifuge and antipyretic (Shinwari  et al.,2003).

Botanic name:                           Cynodon  dactylon (L.) Pers.

Syn:                                         Panicum dactylon L., Digitaria dactylon (L.) Scop.

Family:                                     Poaceae

Ver. names:                              Kabal (Push.), Dhab (Urd.), Bermuda grass (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Ubiquitous weed

Part Used:                                 Whole plant, root

Uses:                                        Fresh fodder, for planting in lawns. Juice of the fresh plant is applied on cuts and fresh wounds, also used in hysteria, epilepsy, insanity. Useful in cystitis. Used  along  with rose for jaundice. Infusion of root is used for stopping bleeding from piles, also used as diuretic (Grieve, 1974; Shinwari et al., 2003).

Botanic name:                           Parthenium   hysterophorus L.

 Syn:                                        Agyrochaeta bipinnatifida Cav.Vallanova bipinnatifida Ort.

Family:                                     Asteraceae

Ver. names:                              White top, Carrot grass, Congress grass (Eng.)

Locality:                                    Road sides

Part Used:                                 Whole plant

Uses:                                        Whole plant is stimulating, anti-hysteric, flea repellent. Root decoction is used in dysentery, anti-amoebic. Pharmacologically active against neuralgia and certain types of rheumatism (Singh et al. 1996). It may causes allergy and disorders in cattle (Khalid, 2000).

Table 1: Weed list based on Farmers response of 5 major crops of the area and their association with crops

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